can you have endometriosis and pcos

Understanding Endometriosis

Endometriosis is more common than many people realize, but that doesn’t make it any less painful or disruptive. Normally, the endometrium—the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus—grows there and sheds during each menstrual cycle. It also thickens during early pregnancy to support a developing embryo.

With endometriosis, tissue that behaves like the endometrium begins to grow outside the uterus. Because this tissue can’t leave the body the way it does during a period, it gradually builds up. Over time, this can cause inflammation, cysts, and even scar tissue that may cause organs to stick to one another.

Areas where this misplaced tissue can appear include:

• The abdomen

• Bladder

• Diaphragm

• Fallopian tubes

• Lungs

• Ligaments surrounding the uterus

• The outer surface of the uterus

• Ovaries

• Rectum

What Causes Endometriosis?

There’s no clear, single cause yet, but doctors have identified several factors that can increase the likelihood of developing endometriosis:

• Family history of the condition

• Heavy periods

• Higher estrogen levels

• Starting periods at an early age (before 11)

• Short cycles with little time between periods

Anyone who is concerned about their risk should speak with a healthcare provider.

What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

PCOS occurs when the ovaries produce too many androgens—hormones typically considered “male” hormones. This imbalance affects ovulation and can lead to symptoms such as irregular cycles and excess hair growth.

During a normal cycle, the ovaries release a mature egg to be fertilized. If it isn’t fertilized, it’s shed during the menstrual period. In PCOS, hormonal imbalance can prevent eggs from maturing properly, leaving them trapped inside the ovaries.

Fluid-filled sacs (cysts) may form, although not every woman with PCOS has them. When cysts develop, they contain immature eggs and can cause the ovaries to enlarge.

What Causes PCOS?

Like endometriosis, the exact cause of PCOS remains unclear. However, several risk factors may play a role:

• Genetics: A family history of PCOS increases the risk.

• Insulin resistance: When insulin levels are too high, the body may produce more androgens, disrupting ovulation.

• Obesity: Often linked to increased insulin levels.

• Chronic low-grade inflammation: This causes the body to produce inflammatory substances even when there is no infection or injury.

PCOS vs. Endometriosis: Symptoms

While both conditions may cause infertility or painful cramps, each brings different symptoms.

In endometriosis, period pain (dysmenorrhea) is often severe and can last longer than the usual two to three days. Nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue may accompany it. People with PCOS, on the other hand, may miss periods entirely due to a lack of regular ovulation. High androgen levels can also raise the risk of diabetes, hypertension, and even uterine cancer.

Common Symptoms Compared

Diagnosing and Treating Endometriosis

If symptoms suggest endometriosis, a healthcare provider may ask about medical and family history before performing tests such as:

• Pelvic exam

• Ultrasound

• MRI

• Laparoscopy (a minimally invasive surgical procedure)

A laparoscopy can also help confirm the diagnosis by collecting a sample of tissue.

There is no cure yet, but treatment can ease symptoms. For those not trying to conceive, options include:

• Birth control pills

• Ibuprofen

• Progestins

Surgery may help remove excess tissue. In very severe cases, a hysterectomy—removal of the uterus and sometimes the ovaries—may be recommended, though this is usually a last resort.

Diagnosing and Treating PCOS

A primary care doctor is usually the first person to talk to. After discussing symptoms, they may refer the patient to a gynecologist or endocrinologist. Diagnosis may involve:

• A pelvic exam

• Ultrasound

• Blood tests to check hormones and glucose levels

PCOS can’t be cured, but its symptoms can be managed.

For those trying to get pregnant, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise and a balanced diet can help restore ovulation. Weight loss can also reduce insulin and androgen levels. Ovulation-inducing medications may be prescribed, but they can come with side effects such as:

• Bloating

• Pelvic discomfort

• A higher chance of multiple pregnancies

Women not planning pregnancy may manage PCOS through:

• Birth control to regulate cycles

• Diabetes medications to lower insulin resistance

• Additional medications for individual symptoms

Early Diagnosis Matters

Both endometriosis and PCOS are long-term conditions, but with proper care, symptoms can be controlled. Routine checkups make it easier for physicians to spot these disorders early and create a plan that improves long-term quality of life.

Because everyone’s situation is unique, a personalized evaluation by a healthcare professional is essential.

If you’re interested in the medical field and want to help improve women’s health, consider exploring programs at the American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine.